Test various cases when we constrain a selector matching to a subtree selected by #ID On success, you will see a series of "PASS" messages, followed by "TEST COMPLETE". Missing id. PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#notThere *").length is 0 Trivial filtering. PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#simple li").length is 1 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#simple li")[0].id is "simpleTarget" ID is adjacent of target. PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#directAdjacentRoot+div li").length is 1 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#directAdjacentRoot+div li")[0].id is "directAdjacentTarget" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#indirectAdjacentRoot~div li").length is 1 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#indirectAdjacentRoot~div li")[0].id is "indirectAdjacentTarget" Duplicated IDs. PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated li").length is 3 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated li")[0].id is "duplicatedTarget1" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated li")[1].id is "duplicatedTarget2" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated li")[2].id is "duplicatedTarget3" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated+div li").length is 2 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated+div li")[0].id is "siblingOfDuplicated1" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#duplicated+div li")[1].id is "siblingOfDuplicated2" Duplicated IDs with a non-duplicated ancestor. PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated li").length is 3 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated li")[0].id is "deduplicatedTarget1" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated li")[1].id is "deduplicatedTarget2" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated li")[2].id is "deduplicatedTarget3" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated+div li").length is 2 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated+div li")[0].id is "siblingOfDeduplicated1" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate #deduplicated+div li")[1].id is "siblingOfDeduplicated2" PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate+div li").length is 1 PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#nonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate+div li")[0].id is "siblingOfNonDuplicatedParentOfDuplicate" Sibling of HTML document. PASS document.body.querySelectorAll("#htmlDocument~* *").length is 0 PASS successfullyParsed is true TEST COMPLETE